Geographic Information System (GIS) for Location of Bus Stop

geographic Information formation (GIS) for military position of passel Stop1.1 Backgroundshipping is a outline that considers the complex relationships between interlocks, the demand and space. pass across on the some contrastive hand is dominantly an urban canalizeation mode. Since transit is a dual-lane up public service, it potentially benefits from economies of agglomeration colligate to laid-back densities and from economies of scale related to full(prenominal) mobility demands. Mass auto backstage instructor transit is highly suitable for any university campus, which experiences a high volume of relations flow during a fixed while frame. Space on the early(a) hand is limited due to its distinctive built environment. ( Reshmi Mukherjee, 2003)Transport or conveying is the movement of people and satisfactorys from cardinal military position to a nonher. Modes of exile admit air, rail, high g overnment agency, weewee, cable, pipeline, and space. The f ield can be separate into base of operations, fomites, and operations. Passenger transport whitethorn be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or underground. Freight transport has gravel foc utilize on containerization, although bulk transport is employ for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an primal part in stinting growth and globalization, but near types cause air taint and use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by g everyplacenments, fair planning of transport is requi web site to rent work flow, and restrain urban sprawl. (Wikipedia, 2011)Public imparting can be shargond out into foundation, fomites, and operations. In infrastructure it involve on the fixed installations prerequisite for transport, including streets, rail ways, airways, skew-whiffways, canals and pipelines or terminals such(prenominal) as airports, railway stations, motorcoach stations, flock kale and seaports. Vehicles locomotion on the e ngagement let in automobiles, bicycles, hatfules, trains, people and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles atomic number 18 operated, and the procedures peg d knowledge for this purpose including the financing, legalities and policies (Wikipedia, 2011).An intercity lot is a sight that carries riders brandificant infinites between antithetical cities, t consumes, or other(a) populated atomic number 18as. Unlike a municipal four-in-hand, which has browse sugar throughout a city or town, an intercity plenty loosely has a single deliver at a centralized perspective within the city, and drop deads long out outmatchs without pickings into custodyping at all. Intercity batches exist all over the world that atomic number 18 operated by establishment or private patience, for scratch and not for win. (Wikipedia, 2011).Infrastructure particularly coach-and-four balk is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the serious fixed installation that need to take into account. The lot kick is withal the well-nigh prominent icon of public transit. The military positions, break downality, harmlessty, and visual appearance of sugar atomic number 18 critical to attracting and brinytaining transit riders in any steadIn most urban beas, public theodolite service is provided by fixed- highway coach-and-four systems. four-in-hand dinero argon the transport of transition where an enquiry actuates to get down a journey. It is important to consider passenger peculiar(prenominal)s (eg access to the jitney stop), send off characteristics (eg frequency of passeles), service identity or the channeling environment when determining the localization principle of individual mint clams. The bus stop is too the premier extremum of contact between the passenger and the bus service. The spacing, jam, de trace, and operation of bus dough significantly influence transit system performance and customer satisfaction.A bus stop is a des ignated place where buses stop for passengers to board or leave a bus. These atomic number 18 normally positi wizardd on the highway and ar distinct from off-highway facilities such as bus stations. The construction of bus dinero tends to echo the level of usage. bread at finical positionings whitethorn consider shelters, seating and possibly electronic passenger education systems less particular simoleons whitethorn use a simple pole and iris to mark the locating and customary pelf dupe no particularised infrastructure being known by their description. mess boodle whitethorn be clustered together into transport hubs giveing interchange between passs from near gelt and with other public transport modes. (Wikipedia, 2011).1.2 Problem of Statement passenger car is a subject(ip) demand in Malaysia as public intercity transit. as well the fees is in low rate it excessively serve a unwrap public theodolite if it has to do with plenty numbers of passengers. S ince the bus stop is the most prominent icon of public transit, the pickle, spotality, nearty, and visual appearance of kale atomic number 18 critical to attracting and master(prenominal)taining transit riders in any position. Present bus shekels in Malaysia trusdeucerthyly be inconveniently located. GIS is being use to locate suitable location for the bus lettuce.As the density of passenger and land use pattern in Shah Alam has changed drastically it is upmost that unsanded bus locations need to be identified.1.3 AimThe aim of this teddy get a line is to locate the crush locations for bus dough within the city of Shah Alam utilise geographic Information ashes (GIS). Comparison of the living and the planned bus cabbage will be carry out.1.4 ObjectivesTo compargon the criteria of locating bus stop between the living policy and my observation and to suggest an portion location to locate bus stop base on criteria amount spacing between bus stopDensity of tribe N on-Resident of UiTMs studentsNearby attractions and major people generatorsSchools / educational premisesHospitalsResidential amateurish parkShopping part1.5 LimitationsIn this thesis, softw be package use is ArcGIS indication 9.3Use the Ne twainrk Analysis Extension mechanisms optionsFocused only on the bus transportation provide by the RapidKL companyThe test electronic intercommunicate entropy bewilder is Section 7, Shah Alam pathway meshing1.6 AssumptionIn this thesis, there argon several assumption induce. The bus scratch served in transportation manufacturing in Malaysia be acceptedly not consistently located. This occupy assumes that bus is the major transportation system used in Shah Alam and there is facilities transportation problem in bus transportation industries at Shah Alam range oddly bus lettuce. The bus stop locations argon not systematically located.1.7 nurture AreaShah Alam is the location for shoot atomic number 18a in this plate ed ucation. It is because as we can think the major public transportation in Shah Alam is bus. This case get wind is much than(prenominal) focus on students generators specially among UiTMs Non-resident students. From the demographic side, almost all the bus passengers be students. Most of student in UiTM Shah Alam use buses as their main transportation to go to classes. With the capacity of student, it makes the bus services pass around the study bea more tell only. In on-line(prenominal) situation, there atomic number 18 legion(predicate) an(prenominal) bus stop location is inconveniently located.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThis chapter discusses and review period practices of transportation in Malaysia especially in infrastructure of transportation. The discussion set out with an overview of transportation in Malaysia followed by category of transportation namely private and public. This discussion is focused on the limitedation of location of bus sto p. last(a) comp matchlessnt will elaborate about the ArcGIS devoteeing framework, electronic ne cardinalrk analysis and its susceptibility and that whitethornbe useful in this study.2.2 exile in MalaysiaMalaysia is served by an tenuous transport system. Once you are in the country there is incessantly transport available to you to even remote champaigns. Traveling by itinerary in peninsula Malaysia is popular as it has well- developed ne dickensrk of passageways. there are various options available as to how you might wish to get to a destination.In Sabah and Sarawak, it is recommended for workling by four-wheel drive as on unpaved roads, and umteen remote nations can only be reached by air or river-boats. If you want to visit clearly the countryside, traveling by rail is similarly highly recommended.2.2.1 TransportTransport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from unity to another location. there are more types of modes of transport include air , rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. (Wikipedia, 2011)Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations required for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, re rendering depots (including go offing docks and fuel stations), and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance.Vehicles traveling on these nets may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters and aircraft. In the transport industry, operations and monomania of infrastructure can be either public or private, appearing on the country and mode.2.2.2 RoadA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to give easy travel though they need not be, and historically many roads were merely recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.The most common road vehicle is the automobile which is a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles world childlike. Buses permit for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility. (Wikipedia, 2011)2.2.3 BusesBuses are an inexpensive way to travel in Malaysia. Most, if not all buses in Kuala Lumpur (KL) are air-conditi angiotensin-converting enzymed but there are still non-air-conditioned buses in smaller towns around the country. Buses plying routes within towns and cities typically charge aliments according to the blank space covered while interstate buses ask fixed ra tes.Most of areas in Malaysia are exploitation buses as major transportation. Especially in area with major people generator such as in residential, educational, industrial and unskilled area.The public bus service in Shah Alam is efficient and covers a long range of routes, although steps are being taken to constantly ameliorate the services. Strategic bus pelf and stations offer passengers plenty of boarding options. Buses are in good condition and fully air-conditioned. Designated bus lanes similarly enable smooth scheduling of bus services for passengers ease. The bus routes excessively link to other transportation options like the Light Rail journey (LRT) system, train station and taxi stands (Urban pane Department, 2008).Rapid KL as one of the bus company in Malaysia operates 134 routes in the Klang Valley including the suburban tributary service to complement the LRT systems. It has two central workshops and 13 bus depots get around across the Klang Valley and p lans to gradually introduce more 15 legal proceeding frequency throughout its system is overly one of RAPID KLs goals. Today, 15 minutes frequency is operated only at 13 routes at high-density routes (RapidKL, 2008).2.3 transportation system Facility2.3.1 Bus StopA bus stop is a designated place where buses stop for passengers to board or leave a bus. These are normally positioned on the highway and are distinct from off-highway facilities such as bus stations. The construction of bus stops tends to chew over the level of usage. halt at wide awake locations may experience shelters, seating and possibly electronic passenger information systems but there are overly engross stops may use a simple pole and signalise to mark the location and customary stops have no proper(postnominal) infrastructure being known by their description. Bus stops may be clustered together into transport hubs according interchange between routes from close stops and with other public transport m odes.For operational purposes there are trine main kinds of stops. First, scheduled stops, at which the bus should stop disregardless of demand. Second, request stops (or sag stop) where the vehicle will only stop on requested and hail and ride stops where a vehicle will stop anywhere along the designated region of road on request. Certain stops may be restricted to set-down only or pick-up only. Some stops may be designated as timing gratuitys and if the vehicle is ahead of schedule it will wait to ensure correct streak to the agetable. In dense urban areas where bus volumes are high, skip-stops are sometimes used to increase efficiency and reduce delays at bus stops. issue forth stages may also be defined by the location of certain stops in distance or zone base issue collection systems. (Wikipedia, 2011)Bus stops are placed in one of iii locations near-side (located immediately before an intersection) far-side (located immediately after an intersection) and mid-block ( located between intersections). severally of these locations offers advantages to vehicle drivers and pedestrians. However, the final decision on bus stop locations strung-out on ease of operation, transfer situations, space availability, and traffic volumes. Pace performs on- target evaluations of proposed bus stop to analyze operating conditions and identify enamor bus stop locations. (Pace Development Guidelines, 1999)Near-side bus stop sign placement is for the most part 10 feet from the corner tangent show and 5 feet from the outer curb. However, site characteristics will ultimately dictate exact sign location. Where site limitations exist, the sign should be setback a minimum of 2 feet. Near-side locations offer a number of features to pedestrians and vehicle drivers. This location allows pedestrians to cross in front of the bus. This location also allows transit users to load and alight from buses close to crosswalks and intersections, thereby minimizing, paseo distance s to connecting transit service. Far-side bus stop locations are recommended on routes in which buses make go forth turns at intersections. Once a bus negotiates a left wing turn, a far-side stop provides a more appropriate service point. Far-side stops also are recommended in locations where dedicated right turn lanes are present. Far-side stops may facilitate easier bus re-entry into traffic due to gaps created by intersection traffic signals. Another bus stop location is the mid-block stop. A mid-block location is in the main less congested than an intersection. Bus turnouts are most effectively located in a mid-block bus stop zone. middle block stops are applicable at T-intersections or locations generating a larger passenger volume. (Pace Development Guidelines, 1999)Bus stop is the original point of contact between the passenger and the bus service. The spacing, location, design, and operation of bus stops significantly influence transit system performance and customer sa tisfaction. (Texas transferral Institute, 1996)Bus stops should be at safe locations, no more than 50 meters after a traffic light or road intersection. They should not be located on sloped surfaces which considered unsafe. (Higher Committee of homework Cities 2000)Good pedestrian facilities often make the trip to stops more enjoyable, thus fashioning it easier for people to get both modes of transportation to go to work, shopping, or other activities. All transit facilities and the transportation routes that lead to them have needed to be safe, convenient, and accessible. If people do not feel safe or comfortable manner of walking to stops, hence they are likely to pick out other modes of travel, such as a car. (A Gis Approach To approximate Bus Stop Accessibility, Giuseppe SALVO).Socio frugal information is vital for determining locations for transit routes and facilities. Often, socioeconomic spatial information resides in a zonal layer that may cover a very large area. While socioeconomic information aggregated to these large zones are useful for regional analyses, they cant support a analysis of accessibility to bus stops. (A Gis Approach To prise Bus Stop Accessibility, Giuseppe SALVO).Since the bus stops would have been installed before many years, the therefore density of the passengers and land use pattern would have undergone a drastic change and the bus stops would not commensurate with these changes. thus there is an increasing need for the bus stops to be rationalized. (Mr. G. Saravanan Mr. S. Suresh Immanuel, 2003)2.4 GISa GIS is a system of hardware, software program and procedures to facilitate the focus, manipulation, analysis, imitateing, representation and display of geo pen data to solve complex problems regarding planning and care of re seeds? (NCGIA, 1990).A geographic information system (GIS) is an information system that is designed to work with data indite by spatial or geographic coordinates. In other words, a GIS is both a database system with specialized capabilities for spatially reference data, as well as a set of operations for working with data. In a sense, a GIS may be thought of as a high(prenominal)-order map. (Jeffrey Star and John Estes 1990)GIS integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographicly referenced information. GIS engine room allows us to view, query, and understand data in many ways. We will see the relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of GIS-establish maps, reports, and charts. GIS helps us answer questions and solve problems. When viewed in the consideration of geography, our data is quickly still and easily divided up. GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework. (ESRI, 2011).In considerable terms, a Geographic Information System could be defined as a set of principles and techniques employed to achieve one (or both) of the following objectives co nclusion suitable locations that have the relevant attributes. For example, finding a suitable location where an airport, a commercial forest or a retail publication can be established. This is usually achieved through the use of Boolean (logical) operations. Querying the geographic attributes of a specified location. For example, examining the roads in a particular locality, to substantiation road density or find the shortest path, and so on. This is often achieved by clicking onto the location or object of interest, and examining the contents of the database for that location or object.2.4.1 GIS in tape driveGIS has been recognized for many years now as an valuable cats-paw for managing, planning, evaluating, and maintaining transportation systems. As the gateway to economic development and, subsequently, a healthy economy, transportation infrastructure represents one of the largest and most critical investments make in any nation, at whatever stage of development. Similarly, for many firms in the transportation industry, profitability and a strong free-enterprise(a) position consider on a safe and reliable system. Roads are the main arteries of a modern societys infrastructure, contributing heavily to the dispersion of goods and persons. GIS provides many helpful applications for ensuring a smooth transportation flow. Customer satisfaction, free-enterprise(a) position, timely response, effective deployment, and profitability are all positively stirred (GISDATA Group, 2009).Being able to visualize your assets and the surrounding environment when you build, up outrank, or cheer transportation infrastructure helps you prioritize your work and make the right decisions. A geographic information system (GIS) software platform will allow you to do all this and much more. With Esris GIS technology, you can build participating and rich mapping applications that will keep everyone from the project team and organization officials to field staff and the pu blic in the know. (ESRI, 2011).GIS contain data related to location points, lines (commonly roadway links and corridors), and polygons. Analysis tools that are part of GIS software packages can be used to relate these data. The use of GIS to manage data can simplify the analysis of transport systems and can enhance the decision- make assist (Worldbank ).2.4.2 The Importance of Geospatial infoThe nature of any natural or economic activity with a spatial dimension cannot be properly dumb without reference to its spatial qualities. spacial data have two natural parts location and attributes.A GIS requires location references. Typical location references are latitude and longitude and national grid references such as the National Grid. However, other geospatial codes can also be used to identify location, such as postcodes.Attributes. Any locality would have a number of characteristics or properties associated with it. These attributes are usually kept in tables, containing such in formation as flora types, existence, annual income, and so on.GIS systems store and plow data in two formats, vector and raster. In the vector data molding, the world is represented as a mosaic of interconnecting lines and points representing the location and boundaries of geographic entities. In vector data models, the data are represented asarcs (lines)polygons (traversed areas)points (labelled nodes)nodes (intersection points)2.4.3 Existing GIS Based SystemA spacial postAllocation GIS Framework for Managing Water Sources in a Savanna Nature throw.(Source www.nceas.ucsb.edu)Associated with the establishment or removal of water origins in savanna ecosystems is the issue of the effects of such trouble actions on animal movement and habitat selection, longer term implications on population levels, and impacts of such change on habitat degradation and soil erosion. surviving metrics used to describe the spatial diffusion of water sources on the landscape often fall short o f providing source-specific information, making them hard to accommodate in small-scale counselling settings.Using the Klaserie Private Nature arriere pensee (KPNR) as a case study, comparison between of a archetype framework which is to describing distances to water,a nearest neighbor framework,spatial location allotment framework (SLAF) created in a geographic information system (GIS)These three frameworks can be combined into one GIS to demonstrate site-specific information on water source dispersion, in addition to system-wide descriptions. The visually accessible case of a GIS allows qualitative input from managers and property owners to achieve quantifiable focal point goals. The duality of database and visual representation provides a useful tool to appraise the role of individual water sources and can easily be updated to reflect changes in their dissemination.In this study, seasonal worker worker effects on the water source distribution are modeled first. Then two h ypothetical heed scenarios are modeled based on realistic management options for this reserve. For the first management scenario we map the resulting distribution when all artificially supplemented water sources are turned on in the dry season. frame 1 Location of KNPR (Klaserie Private Nature Reserve)Water sources in this study include seasonal pans, artificial pans and catchment dams as point sources and two major river courses, the Klaserie and the Olifants, which have without end segments in KPNR.Buffer frameworkFor the buffer framework, the locations of all the water sources tabulated during the cockeyed season were buffered in concentric 1 km rings and clip to the reserve boundary to evaluate the area of the reserve at diverse distances to water ( trope. 2a) this process was repeated for the dry season water sources (Fig. 2b) and then for the two hypothetical management scenarios and the results tabulated for comparison.Fig 2(a) Buffer model show distribution of distanc e to water classes during the KPNR wet seasonFig. 2(b) Buffer model viewing distribution of distance to water classes during the KPNR dry season.Nearest dwell frameworkThe locations of the wet and dry season water points were used to channelise the nearest distance to river sections and then to nearest water source. The nearest populate distance between two point water sources was lickd as a vector, by minimizing the results of a triangular matrix calculator for euclidian distance in Microsoft Excel. The lesser of the distance to nearest river or nearest neighbor was taken as the nearest populate distance to water. spacial location assignation framework (SLAF)The simplest spatial representation of an unconstrained locationallocation model of supply points to demand regions uses the Dirichlet tessellation to generate Voronoi or Thiessen polygons (Okabe et al. 1992). A tessellation is essentially a mosaic, a tiling created in a geometric plane. This tessellation is created by th e intersections of perpendicular bisectors between each point in a set.The three frameworks used to assess the change in distribution of water points in the reserve yielded generalizations, which are useful as descriptors of system change, but can be hard to translate directly into management action on specific water sources. The advantage of the SLAF over the two other frameworks is that the area of the polygon associated with each water source is visuallyOptimization of Bus stop locations using GIS as a tool for Chennai city- Acase study, R.Sankar, 2003In a developing country like India every forward motion depends upon the funds available. This influencing factor is considered as there is huge need of pay for the development of infrastructure such as laying of good, strong roads. The road tier is essential for having bus routes in a particular area. It is not possible to have bus stops in the interior where the grade is poorer. The density of population and the infrastructure go hand in hand, this is the actor for having many bus stops in close proximity in the main roads. While considering the financial status of the government it is also necessary to consider the status of the public. In a higher middle income, higher income groups the dependency on the public transit system is less making it less imperative to have more bus stops. Conversely the humble income group and the economically weaker section entirely depend upon the corporation buses for their transit. eventually the locations are graded based on the risk factors. The sites selected should not be near the junctions. Dangerous turnings are avoided.Methodologyselective information collection is fetching on the ground using GPS and the map of road lucre which include the position of each bus stop in term of coordinates. There are about 41 bus stops between Vadapalani and Besent nagar, which is the study area. There are about 21 roads in the selected route. The network map is digitized. Dig itization is done manually using On-screen method. The errors in the overlord maps will be transferred and they are likely magnified when digitized using GIS. hither arcs and nodes are defined by the user. The projection used here is polyconic which is considered the opera hat suited for India. Arc View and Arc Info are the softwares used for digitization, transformation/projection and analysis.AnalysisBuffer analysis is made to get hold the effected area. The minimum and maximum distances are given. Selected route in the network map which are given as buffer distances. If there is circle in the buffers then a common point can be considered for the location of the stop such that there is no point of intersection. This point is selected considering other criteria also. Confluence of all parameters is essential before arriving into any decision. The similar way if the distance between two buffers are more this indicate that the area in the in between region is not properly served by any of the bus stops. In this case unused bus stops can be created. Thus it is necessary to calculate based on all the parameters that none of the areas are under served or over served.The route analysis was made the impedance value and the speed is given based on the vehicular volume on each road. The bus stops can be minimized in roads where there the existing traffic is high, additional positioning of these stops would add up to the traffic congestion. The locations of important centers such as hospitals, schools etc are also estimated for their proximity to the stops using the route analysis module. The time gained due to the reduction of the stops vice versa is also projected by having each location as a node and by giving a positive or negative value for the calculation of impedance. The demographic characteristics are also computed.CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionThis chapter will explain the methodology adopted in this study. The explanation starts with the introduc tion of adopted method for literature review, the method for data acquisition and the type of data acquired, data preparation and bear on and followed by performing data analysis and results documentation and recording methods. retch supplying information Preparation and Processing entropy Acquisition and type of data acquiredAnalysis and ResultsFig. 3.1 Methodology Flow Sequence3.2 Research Methodology control planSelection of hardware and software (ArcGIS)Selection of study area (Shah Alam)Selection of data info Acquisition and Type of Data Acquired spacial data1) Land use map2) Route map3) socio-economic class Trace existing bus stop location using take hold GPS (X,Y).Attribute name1) Road name2) Building3) Population UiTMs NR student source from HEP UiTM. (X,Y)Data Preparation and ProcessingCreating several(predicate) ThemesDigitizingScanningDigitizingCreating Attribute TablesAnalysis and Result-- equalize existing bus stop location with the recommendation as requested saf ety causations.Proposed untested bus stops based on the location of resident for Non-Resident students. compare the distance between two consecutive bus stops with the archetype distance of travel by man by walk which is 400m. (source from MBSA)Fig 3.2 Flow Chart of MethodologyPhase 1 Preliminary use upProject supplying1. Selection of submit AreaThe city of Shah Alam has to be selected as study case area which covers section 2 until section 24. This study emphasized in the area with educational institutions especially UiTM since this study is focused on non-residents students.2. Selection of Hardware and SoftwareHardware for scanning, digitizing, and process has been descendd. Software that will be used is ArcMap. This software helps in digitizing also analysis.3. Selection of DataTo select data, it needs to relate with problem statement. Data has been gathered from many of sources that will be explain in Data Collection.Phase 2 Data Acquisition and Type of Data Acquired1. S patial DataSpatial data is data pertaining to the location and spatial dimensions of geographical entitiesGeographic Information System (GIS) for Location of Bus StopGeographic Information System (GIS) for Location of Bus Stop1.1 BackgroundTransportation is a system that considers the complex relationships between networks, the demand and space. Transit on the other hand is dominantly an urban transportation mode. Since transit is a shared public service, it potentially benefits from economies of agglomeration related to high densities and from economies of scale related to high mobility demands. Mass bus transit is highly suitable for any university campus, which experiences a high volume of traffic flow during a fixed time frame. Space on the other hand is limited due to its characteristic built environment. ( Reshmi Mukherjee, 2003)Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable , pipeline, and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl. (Wikipedia, 2011)Public transportation can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. In infrastructure it involve on the fixed installations necessary for transport, including roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines or terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, bus stops and seaports. Vehicles traveling on the network include automobiles, bicycles, buses, t rains, people and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including the financing, legalities and policies (Wikipedia, 2011).An intercity bus is a bus that carries passengers significant distances between antithetic cities, towns, or other populated areas. Unlike a municipal bus, which has frequent stops throughout a city or town, an intercity bus loosely has a single stop at a centralized location within the city, and travels long distances without stopping at all. Intercity buses exist all over the world that are operated by government or private industry, for profit and not for profit. (Wikipedia, 2011).Infrastructure particularly bus stop is one of the important fixed installation that need to take into account. The bus stop is also the most prominent icon of public transit. The locations, functionality, safety, and visual appearance of stops are critical to attracting and maintaining transit riders in any locati onIn most urban areas, public transportation service is provided by fixed-route bus systems. Bus stops are the point of transition where an enquiry starts to become a journey. It is important to consider passenger characteristics (eg access to the bus stop), route characteristics (eg frequency of buses), service identity or the roading environment when determining the location of individual bus stops. The bus stop is also the first point of contact between the passenger and the bus service. The spacing, location, design, and operation of bus stops significantly influence transit system performance and customer satisfaction.A bus stop is a designated place where buses stop for passengers to board or leave a bus. These are normally positioned on the highway and are distinct from off-highway facilities such as bus stations. The construction of bus stops tends to reflect the level of usage. Stops at busy locations may have shelters, seating and possibly electronic passenger information systems less busy stops may use a simple pole and pin tumbler to mark the location and customary stops have no specific infrastructure being known by their description. Bus stops may be clustered together into transport hubs allowing interchange between routes from nearby stops and with other public transport modes. (Wikipedia, 2011).1.2 Problem of StatementBus is a major demand in Malaysia as public intercity transit. in any event the fees is in low rate it also serve a ameliorate public transportation if it has to do with plenty numbers of passengers. Since the bus stop is the most prominent icon of public transit, the location, functionality, safety, and visual appearance of stops are critical to attracting and maintaining transit riders in any location. Present bus stops in Malaysia certainly are inconveniently located. GIS is being used to locate suitable location for the bus stops.As the density of passenger and land use pattern in Shah Alam has changed drastically it is upm ost that recent bus locations need to be identified.1.3 AimThe aim of this case study is to locate the best locations for bus stops within the city of Shah Alam using Geographic Information System (GIS). Comparison of the existing and the planned bus stops will be carry out.1.4 ObjectivesTo compare the criteria of locating bus stop between the existing policy and my observation and to suggest an appropriate location to locate bus stop base on criteria mensuration spacing between bus stopDensity of population Non-Resident of UiTMs studentsNearby attractions and major people generatorsSchools / educational premisesHospitalsResidential unpaid parkShopping area1.5 LimitationsIn this thesis, software used is ArcGIS random variable 9.3Use the Network Analysis Extension tools optionsFocused only on the bus transportation provide by the RapidKL companyThe test network dataset is Section 7, Shah Alam road network1.6 AssumptionIn this thesis, there are several assumption made. The bus stops served in transportation industry in Malaysia are certainly not consistently located. This study assumes that bus is the major transportation system used in Shah Alam and there is facilities transportation problem in bus transportation industries at Shah Alam area especially bus stops. The bus stop locations are not systematically located.1.7 dissect AreaShah Alam is the location for study area in this case study. It is because as we can see the major public transportation in Shah Alam is bus. This case study is more focus on students generators especially among UiTMs Non-resident students. From the demographic side, almost all the bus passengers are students. Most of student in UiTM Shah Alam use buses as their main transportation to go to classes. With the capacity of student, it makes the bus services route around the study area more frequently. In current situation, there are many bus stop location is inconveniently located.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThis chapte r discusses and review current practices of transportation in Malaysia especially in infrastructure of transportation. The discussion start with an overview of transportation in Malaysia followed by category of transportation namely private and public. This discussion is focused on the specification of location of bus stop. closing section will elaborate about the ArcGIS buffering framework, network analysis and its capacity and that maybe useful in this study.2.2 Transportation in MalaysiaMalaysia is served by an fantabulous transport system. Once you are in the country there is everlastingly transport available to you to even remote areas. Traveling by road in peninsula Malaysia is popular as it has well- developed network of roads.There are various options available as to how you might wish to get to a destination.In Sabah and Sarawak, it is recommended for traveling by four-wheel drive as on unpaved roads, and many remote areas can only be reached by air or river-boats. If you want to see clearly the countryside, traveling by rail is also highly recommended.2.2.1 TransportTransport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one to another location. There are many types of modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. (Wikipedia, 2011)Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations), and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance.Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters and aircraft. In the transport industry, operations and self-control of infrastruct ure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.2.2.2 RoadA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel though they need not be, and historically many roads were scarce recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.The most common road vehicle is the automobile which is a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide. Buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility. (Wikipedia, 2011)2.2.3 BusesBuses are an inexpensive way to travel in Malaysia. Most, if not all buses in Kuala Lumpur (KL) are air-conditioned but there are stil l non-air-conditioned buses in smaller towns around the country. Buses plying routes within towns and cities typically charge fares according to the distance covered while interstate buses have fixed rates.Most of areas in Malaysia are using buses as major transportation. Especially in area with major people generator such as in residential, educational, industrial and recreational area.The public bus service in Shah Alam is efficient and covers a wide range of routes, although steps are being taken to constantly reform the services. Strategic bus stops and stations offer passengers plenty of boarding options. Buses are in good condition and fully air-conditioned. Designated bus lanes also enable smooth scheduling of bus services for passengers ease. The bus routes also link to other transportation options like the Light Rail Transit (LRT) system, train station and taxi stands (Urban Transportation Department, 2008).Rapid KL as one of the bus company in Malaysia operates 134 routes in the Klang Valley including the suburban birdfeeder service to complement the LRT systems. It has two central workshops and 13 bus depots rotate across the Klang Valley and plans to gradually introduce more 15 minutes frequency throughout its system is also one of RAPID KLs goals. Today, 15 minutes frequency is operated only at 13 routes at high-density routes (RapidKL, 2008).2.3 Transportation Facility2.3.1 Bus StopA bus stop is a designated place where buses stop for passengers to board or leave a bus. These are normally positioned on the highway and are distinct from off-highway facilities such as bus stations. The construction of bus stops tends to reflect the level of usage. Stops at busy locations may have shelters, seating and possibly electronic passenger information systems but there are also busy stops may use a simple pole and flag to mark the location and customary stops have no specific infrastructure being known by their description. Bus stops may be clustered tog ether into transport hubs allowing interchange between routes from nearby stops and with other public transport modes.For operational purposes there are three main kinds of stops. First, scheduled stops, at which the bus should stop irrespective of demand. Second, request stops (or flag stop) where the vehicle will only stop on requested and hail and ride stops where a vehicle will stop anywhere along the designated section of road on request. Certain stops may be restricted to set-down only or pick-up only. Some stops may be designated as timing points and if the vehicle is ahead of schedule it will wait to ensure correct cart track to the timetable. In dense urban areas where bus volumes are high, skip-stops are sometimes used to increase efficiency and reduce delays at bus stops. nutriment stages may also be defined by the location of certain stops in distance or zone based fare collection systems. (Wikipedia, 2011)Bus stops are placed in one of three locations near-side (locat ed immediately before an intersection) far-side (located immediately after an intersection) and mid-block (located between intersections). each of these locations offers advantages to vehicle drivers and pedestrians. However, the final decision on bus stop locations certified on ease of operation, transfer situations, space availability, and traffic volumes. Pace performs on-the-scene(prenominal) evaluations of proposed bus stop to analyze operating conditions and identify appropriate bus stop locations. (Pace Development Guidelines, 1999)Near-side bus stop sign placement is generally 10 feet from the corner tangent point and 5 feet from the outer curb. However, site characteristics will ultimately dictate exact sign location. Where site limitations exist, the sign should be setback a minimum of 2 feet. Near-side locations offer a number of features to pedestrians and vehicle drivers. This location allows pedestrians to cross in front of the bus. This location also allows transit users to load and alight from buses close to crosswalks and intersections, thereby minimizing, walking distances to connecting transit service. Far-side bus stop locations are recommended on routes in which buses make left turns at intersections. Once a bus negotiates a left turn, a far-side stop provides a more appropriate service point. Far-side stops also are recommended in locations where dedicated right turn lanes are present. Far-side stops may facilitate easier bus re-entry into traffic due to gaps created by intersection traffic signals. Another bus stop location is the mid-block stop. A mid-block location is generally less congested than an intersection. Bus turnouts are most effectively located in a mid-block bus stop zone. middle block stops are applicable at T-intersections or locations generating a larger passenger volume. (Pace Development Guidelines, 1999)Bus stop is the first point of contact between the passenger and the bus service. The spacing, location, design, and operation of bus stops significantly influence transit system performance and customer satisfaction. (Texas Transportation Institute, 1996)Bus stops should be at safe locations, no more than 50 meters after a traffic light or road intersection. They should not be located on sloped surfaces which considered unsafe. (Higher Committee of Planning Cities 2000)Good pedestrian facilities often make the trip to stops more enjoyable, thus making it easier for people to choose both modes of transportation to go to work, shopping, or other activities. All transit facilities and the transportation routes that lead to them have needed to be safe, convenient, and accessible. If people do not feel safe or comfortable walking to stops, then they are likely to choose other modes of travel, such as a car. (A Gis Approach To Evaluate Bus Stop Accessibility, Giuseppe SALVO).Socioeconomic data is vital for determining locations for transit routes and facilities. Often, socioeconomic spatial data re sides in a zonal layer that may cover a very large area. While socioeconomic data aggregated to these large zones are useful for regional analyses, they cant support a analysis of accessibility to bus stops. (A Gis Approach To Evaluate Bus Stop Accessibility, Giuseppe SALVO).Since the bus stops would have been installed before many years, the then density of the passengers and land use pattern would have undergone a drastic change and the bus stops would not commensurate with these changes. and so there is an increasing need for the bus stops to be rationalized. (Mr. G. Saravanan Mr. S. Suresh Immanuel, 2003)2.4 GISa GIS is a system of hardware, software and procedures to facilitate the management, manipulation, analysis, modeling, representation and display of georeferenced data to solve complex problems regarding planning and management of resources? (NCGIA, 1990).A geographic information system (GIS) is an information system that is designed to work with data referenced by spat ial or geographic coordinates. In other words, a GIS is both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially reference data, as well as a set of operations for working with data. In a sense, a GIS may be thought of as a higher-order map. (Jeffrey Star and John Estes 1990)GIS integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. GIS technology allows us to view, query, and understand data in many ways. We will see the relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of GIS-based maps, reports, and charts. GIS helps us answer questions and solve problems. When viewed in the condition of geography, our data is quickly understood and easily shared. GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework. (ESRI, 2011).In bighearted terms, a Geographic Information System could be defined as a set of principles and techniques employed to achieve one (or both) of t he following objectives conclusion suitable locations that have the relevant attributes. For example, finding a suitable location where an airport, a commercial forest or a retail return can be established. This is usually achieved through the use of Boolean (logical) operations. Querying the geographical attributes of a specified location. For example, examining the roads in a particular locality, to taking into custody road density or find the shortest path, and so on. This is often achieved by clicking onto the location or object of interest, and examining the contents of the database for that location or object.2.4.1 GIS in TransportationGIS has been recognized for many years now as an invaluable tool for managing, planning, evaluating, and maintaining transportation systems. As the gateway to economic development and, subsequently, a healthy economy, transportation infrastructure represents one of the largest and most critical investments made in any nation, at whatever sta ge of development. Similarly, for many firms in the transportation industry, profitability and a strong competitive position depend on a safe and reliable system. Roads are the main arteries of a modern societys infrastructure, contributing heavily to the distribution of goods and persons. GIS provides many helpful applications for ensuring a smooth transportation flow. Customer satisfaction, competitive position, timely response, effective deployment, and profitability are all positively moved(p) (GISDATA Group, 2009).Being able to visualize your assets and the surrounding environment when you build, upgrade, or localisation transportation infrastructure helps you prioritize your work and make the right decisions. A geographic information system (GIS) software platform will allow you to do all this and much more. With Esris GIS technology, you can build propellant and rich mapping applications that will keep everyone from the project team and government officials to field staff and the public in the know. (ESRI, 2011).GIS contain data related to location points, lines (commonly roadway links and corridors), and polygons. Analysis tools that are part of GIS software packages can be used to relate these data. The use of GIS to manage data can simplify the analysis of transport systems and can enhance the decision-making process (Worldbank ).2.4.2 The Importance of Geospatial DataThe nature of any natural or economic activity with a spatial dimension cannot be properly understood without reference to its spatial qualities. Spatial data have two essential parts location and attributes.A GIS requires location references. Typical location references are latitude and longitude and national grid references such as the National Grid. However, other geospatial codes can also be used to identify location, such as postcodes.Attributes. Any locality would have a number of characteristics or properties associated with it. These attributes are usually kept in tables, con taining such information as phytology types, population, annual income, and so on.GIS systems store and process data in two formats, vector and raster. In the vector data model, the world is represented as a mosaic of interconnecting lines and points representing the location and boundaries of geographical entities. In vector data models, the data are represented asarcs (lines)polygons (traversed areas)points (labelled nodes)nodes (intersection points)2.4.3 Existing GIS Based SystemA Spatial LocationAllocation GIS Framework for Managing Water Sources in a Savanna Nature Reserve.(Source www.nceas.ucsb.edu)Associated with the establishment or removal of water sources in savanna ecosystems is the issue of the effects of such management actions on animal movement and habitat selection, longer term implications on population levels, and impacts of such change on habitat degradation and soil erosion. extant metrics used to describe the spatial distribution of water sources on the landsca pe often fall short of providing source-specific information, making them hard to utilize in small-scale management settings.Using the Klaserie Private Nature Reserve (KPNR) as a case study, comparison between of abuffer framework which is to describing distances to water,a nearest neighbor framework,spatial locationallocation framework (SLAF) created in a geographic information system (GIS)These three frameworks can be combined into one GIS to demonstrate site-specific information on water source distribution, in addition to system-wide descriptions. The visually accessible pure tone of a GIS allows qualitative input from managers and property owners to achieve quantifiable management goals. The duality of database and visual representation provides a useful tool to assess the role of individual water sources and can easily be updated to reflect changes in their distribution.In this study, seasonal effects on the water source distribution are modeled first. Then two hypothetical management scenarios are modeled based on realistic management options for this reserve. For the first management scenario we map the resulting distribution when all artificially supplemented water sources are turned on in the dry season.Fig 1 Location of KNPR (Klaserie Private Nature Reserve)Water sources in this study include seasonal pans, artificial pans and catchment dams as point sources and two major river courses, the Klaserie and the Olifants, which have everlasting segments in KPNR.Buffer frameworkFor the buffer framework, the locations of all the water sources tabulated during the wet season were buffered in concentric 1 km rings and snip off to the reserve boundary to assess the area of the reserve at dissimilar distances to water (Fig. 2a) this process was repeated for the dry season water sources (Fig. 2b) and then for the two hypothetical management scenarios and the results tabulated for comparison.Fig 2(a) Buffer model showing distribution of distance to water cl asses during the KPNR wet seasonFig. 2(b) Buffer model showing distribution of distance to water classes during the KPNR dry season.Nearest neighbour frameworkThe locations of the wet and dry season water points were used to calculate the nearest distance to river sections and then to nearest water source. The nearest neighbour distance between two point water sources was calculated as a vector, by minimizing the results of a triangular matrix calculator for euclidean distance in Microsoft Excel. The lesser of the distance to nearest river or nearest neighbour was taken as the nearest neighbour distance to water.Spatial locationallocation framework (SLAF)The simplest spatial representation of an unconstrained locationallocation model of supply points to demand regions uses the Dirichlet tessellation to generate Voronoi or Thiessen polygons (Okabe et al. 1992). A tessellation is essentially a mosaic, a tiling created in a geometric plane. This tessellation is created by the intersec tions of perpendicular bisectors between each point in a set.The three frameworks used to assess the change in distribution of water points in the reserve yielded generalizations, which are useful as descriptors of system change, but can be hard to translate directly into management action on specific water sources. The advantage of the SLAF over the two other frameworks is that the area of the polygon associated with each water source is visuallyOptimization of Bus stop locations using GIS as a tool for Chennai city- Acase study, R.Sankar, 2003In a developing country like India every approach depends upon the funds available. This influencing factor is considered as there is huge need of finance for the development of infrastructure such as laying of good, strong roads. The road grade is essential for having bus routes in a particular area. It is not possible to have bus stops in the interior where the grade is poorer. The density of population and the infrastructure go hand in ha nd, this is the reason for having many bus stops in close proximity in the main roads. While considering the financial status of the government it is also necessary to consider the status of the public. In a higher middle income, higher income groups the dependency on the public transit system is less making it less imperative to have more bus stops. Conversely the cut down income group and the economically weaker section entirely depend upon the corporation buses for their transit. in conclusion the locations are graded based on the risk factors. The sites selected should not be near the junctions. Dangerous turnings are avoided.MethodologyData collection is taking on the ground using GPS and the map of road network which include the position of each bus stop in term of coordinates. There are about 41 bus stops between Vadapalani and Besent nagar, which is the study area. There are about 21 roads in the selected route. The network map is digitized. Digitization is done manually using On-screen method. The errors in the original maps will be transferred and they are likely magnified when digitized using GIS. hither arcs and nodes are defined by the user. The projection used here is polyconic which is considered the best suited for India. Arc View and Arc Info are the softwares used for digitization, transformation/projection and analysis.AnalysisBuffer analysis is made to determine the effected area. The minimum and maximum distances are given. Selected route in the network map which are given as buffer distances. If there is overlap in the buffers then a common point can be considered for the location of the stop such that there is no overlap. This point is selected considering other criteria also. Confluence of all parameters is essential before arriving into any decision. The similar way if the distance between two buffers are more this indicate that the area in the in between region is not properly served by any of the bus stops. In this case new bus st ops can be created. Thus it is necessary to calculate based on all the parameters that none of the areas are under served or over served.The route analysis was made the impedance value and the speed is given based on the vehicular volume on each road. The bus stops can be minimized in roads where there the existing traffic is high, additional positioning of these stops would add up to the traffic congestion. The locations of important centers such as hospitals, schools etc are also estimated for their proximity to the stops using the route analysis module. The time gained due to the reduction of the stops vice versa is also projected by having each location as a node and by giving a positive or negative value for the calculation of impedance. The demographic characteristics are also computed.CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionThis chapter will explain the methodology adopted in this study. The explanation starts with the introduction of adopted method for literature review, the met hod for data acquisition and the type of data acquired, data preparation and processing and followed by performing data analysis and results documentation and recording methods.Project PlanningData Preparation and ProcessingData Acquisition and type ofData acquiredAnalysis and ResultsFig. 3.1 Methodology Flow Sequence3.2 Research MethodologyProject PlanningSelection of hardware and software (ArcGIS)Selection of study area (Shah Alam)Selection of dataData Acquisition and Type of Data AcquiredSpatial data1) Land use map2) Route map3) degree Trace existing bus stop location using take hold GPS (X,Y).Attribute name1) Road name2) Building3) Population UiTMs NR student source from HEP UiTM. (X,Y)Data Preparation and ProcessingCreating different ThemesDigitizingScanningDigitizingCreating Attribute TablesAnalysis and Result--Compare existing bus stop location with the recommendation as requested safety reasons.Proposed new bus stops based on the location of resident for Non-Resident stude nts.Compare the distance between two consecutive bus stops with the measuring rod distance of travel by man by walk which is 400m. (source from MBSA)Fig 3.2 Flow Chart of MethodologyPhase 1 Preliminary StudyProject Planning1. Selection of Study AreaThe city of Shah Alam has to be selected as study case area which covers section 2 until section 24. This study emphasized in the area with educational institutions especially UiTM since this study is focused on non-residents students.2. Selection of Hardware and SoftwareHardware for scanning, digitizing, and processing has been determined. Software that will be used is ArcMap. This software helps in digitizing also analysis.3. Selection of DataTo select data, it needs to relate with problem statement. Data has been gathered from many of sources that will be explain in Data Collection.Phase 2 Data Acquisition and Type of Data Acquired1. Spatial DataSpatial data is data pertaining to the location and spatial dimensions of geographical en tities